Isolating switch



April 22, 1958 w. A. BUGENSTEIN ISOLATING SWITCH 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed May 23, 1956 April 22, 1958 w. A. BUGENSTEIN ISOLATING SWITCH 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed May 23, 1956 1 1958 w. A. BUGENYSTEIN 2,831,932

ISOLATING SWITCH Fig.3.

Loud

lsolpting Switch Recloslnq Transformer Circuit Breaker g Transmission Line Isolating Switch Loud United States Patent ISOLATING SWITCH Walter A. Bugenstein, Pittsburgh, Pa., assignor to Westinghouse Electric Corporation, East Pittsburgh, Pa., a corporation of Pennsylvania Application May 23, 1956, Serial No. 586,825 I 14 Claims. (Cl. 200-48 My invention relates, generally, to isolating switches and, more particularly, to switches suitable for isolating faulted circuits in relatively high voltage systems.

Heretofore, switches have been provided which cooperated with reclosing circuit breakers to isolate faulted circuits by automatically opening a switch while the circuit breaker was open after having reclosed a predetermined number of times. However, the prior switches for high voltage application required auxiliary apparatus, such as current transformers, control relays, control power transformers, batteries and control wiring in order to operate properly. Therefore, the prior switches could not be utilized economically in power systems having feeder circuits locatedremotely from auxiliary power sources.

An object of my invention, generally stated, is to provide a high voltage fault isolating switch which shall be simple and eflicient in operation and which may be economically manufactured and installed.

A more specific object of my invention is to provide an air-break isolating switch, the operation of which is so controlled by a reclosing circuit breaker located re-.

motely from the switch that the switch is opened while the breaker is open before the last reclosure of the breaker.

Another object of my invention is to p rovide a springactuated switch mounted on apparatus insulators which does not require an auxiliary power source or control wiring to control the operation of the switch. 7

An important object of the invention is to provide an isolating switch for sectionalizing a distribution system in the form of an air-break switch mounted on apparatus insulators with mechanism mounted on the apparatus insulators at the potential of the line connected to the switch for counting the number of times that a fault current is interrupted in close succession by an automatic reclosing circuit breaker in the line ahead of the switch and for causing the switch to open after a predetermined three-phase switch in which all three phases are opened by a fault affecting one or more of the phases.

A still further object of my invention is to'provide for simultaneously resetting all phases of a three-phase switch in which each phase is opened by an individual spring.

A furtherobject ofmy invention is to provide manually operable means for closing'and opening a switch which does not interfere with automatic opening of theswitch under predetermined conditions. Y

Another object of my invention is to provide a selfcontained three-phase, switch structure which may be mounted on top of a pole: or tower. 1

Other objects of my invention will be explained fully ICC , I 2 I hereinafter or willbe apparentto those skilled in theart.

In accordance with one specific embodiment of my invention, each pole of a three-phase switch comprises i a double-break blade supported at its center by a springdriven turning platform rotatably mounted in a camming platform which tilts the blade a small mount in a vertical plane as the blade is rotated by the turning platform. I One end of the blade is held closed by a latch which may be released by a fault-counting mechanism during the interval that a reclosing circuit breaker is opentointerrupt the circuit controlled by the switch. Cam levers for all three phases are 'so' connected by.

links that the camming platforms for the unfaulted phases tilt those blades to release them from their retaining latches, thereby permitting the driving springs to rotate the blades to their open position. 'The blades may be closed by a manually operable'ratchet lever, and the tripped counting mechanism is reset by a lever actuated by the switch blade as it closes.

For a better understanding of the nature'and objects;

of the invention, reference may be had to the following detailed description, taken in conjunctionwith the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure l is a view, in plan, of a three-phase switch structure embodying the principal features of the invention; i V

Fig. 2 is an enlarged View, partly in elevation and.

partly in section, taken along the line IIII of Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is an enlarged view, in section, of the control I and latching mechanism for one phase of the switch structure;

Fig. 4 is an enlarged detail view, partly in bottom plan and partlyin section, of a portion of the actuating mech anism for one phase of the switch;

,Fig. 5 is (an enlarged detail View of a ratchet mechanism for manually operating the switch; and

I Fig. 6 ,is a diagrammatic view of a portion of a power distribution system in which isolating switches of the present type may be utilized.

Referring to the drawings, and particularly to Figs 1 by channel members 15 which may be mounted upon a suitable supporting framework (not shown). Each of the. channel-shaped bases 11 may be provided with lat-f erally extending flanges 16.

The insulator stack 12 is fixed in position and is mount.

ed upon a spacing member 17 which, in turn, is mounted on the base 11. A fixed contact member 18 is provided at the top of the, stack 12.

The insulator stack 13 carries a switch blade .19. The

stack 13 is mounted on a turning platform 21 which is rotatably mounted on a camming platform 22 which, in turn, is pivotally mounted on the base 11. The platform 22 has spaced legs 23 which straddle the base 11 I I and are attached to'the base by pins or bolts 24 to permit the camming platform 22 and the turning platform 21 to be tilted in a manner which will be describedmore fully hereinafter.

As shown, the turning platform 21 is of an inverted cup shape and has a centrally disposed downwardly ex tending projection 25 having a shoulder 26 thereon which rests upon the camming platform 22. A portion 27 which is reduced in diameter extends through the camming platform 22 and is retained in the camming plat-'5 ming platform 22 that it rotates the insulator stack 13 and the switchblade, 19 ina manner more fully described hereinafter. A cam bar 31, having camming member 32 theeron, is rotatably attached to the base 11 at 33. The members 32 cooperate with sloping surfaces 30 on the. cumming platform 22 to tilt the platform about its p vot 24. The bar 31 has anupwardly extending project1orr34- thereon which is disposed to be engaged'by an internal web or projection 35 on the inside of the cupshaped. member 21. The cam bars-31 for all three switch units are connected together by a connecting link or bar 36 y i The insulator. stack 14 is fixed in position and supports a tank or container 37 which contains the control and latching mechanism for a switch unit. A top casting 37 on the tank 37 may function as a contact member for one end of the switch blade 19. A cover 38 may be provided on the casting 37' to protect the contact surface from snow and ice. As shown, the other end of the blade 19v engages the underside of, the contact member 18 on the insulator stack 12. A terminal bushing 39 is. provided on the top of the casting 37.

As shown most clearly in Fig. 3, a control and latching mechanism is contained within the tank 37 which isprovided. with an insulating liner 41 and. a top casting- 42 which, as explained hereinbefore, is engaged by one end of the switch blade 19 when the blade is closed. The control and latching mechanism comprises a counting device 43 for counting closely successive interruptions of fault current flowing through the device, and may be of the type fully described in a copending application of I. M. Wallace, Serial No. 189,082, filed October 9, 1950, now Patent No. 2,752,453, issued June 26, 19 56. The counting device 43 is suspended from the. top casting 42. by insulating tubes or rods 44.

As described in the aforesaid copending application, thecounting device 43 comprises a coil 45, one terminal of which is connected to the top casting 42 by a conductor 46 and the other terminal of which is connected to the terminal member 39 by a conductor 47. Thus, current mayflow from the member 42 through the coil 45 totheierrninal member 39. The member 39 may be connected to oneof the power conductors in the distribution system.

As explained in the aforesaid copending application, when the coil 45 is energized by a predetermined value of current such as during an overload or short circuit, and is then deenerized by interruption of the current, a plunger 48'is raised a predetermined distance by the operation of the counting device. As described in the aforesaid application, the height of plunger 48 is adjustable to require 1 to 4 operations to engage and actuate the mechanism above it. Usually it is set. to require two or more operations, so that if the line is reenergizedand normal current flows after the first operation, the plunger 48' then moves downslowly to its original position without having actuated the mechanismof the switch. How" ever, if fault current flows again when the line is, reenergized, and the circuit is interrupted a second time, the plunger 48 is raised an additional amount. Thus. the plunger 48 is raised step by step by repeated interruptions. of fault currentuntil there has been a predetermined number of such interruptions within a predetermined time, and the plunger then engages a bell crank. trigger 49 to release the switch blade,- through a mechanism hereinafter described, and cause it to move to open position while the current is interrupted.

The bell crank trigger is pivotally attached .to a supporting plate 51 by a pivot pin 52. The one arm of the bell crank trigger 49 normally engages a pin 53 one end of a lever 54 which is pivotally supported on the plate 51 by a fixed pivot 55. The lever 54 carries a pivot pin 56 which is one of the supports for a gen erally triangular shaped lever 57. A toggle mechanism comprising a lever58 pivotally connected to the lever 57 by a pin 59 and a lever 61 pivotallptsupportedon the casting 42 by a pin 62 constitutes the other point 0 support for the lever 57. The lever 57 is pivotally con nected to a plunger 63 by a pin 64. The plunger 63 is slidably disposed in a guide portion on the casting 42. The lower end of the plunger 63 is connected to a base plate 65 by a tension spring 69. The plate 65 is disposed underneath the counting device 43 which, as explained hereinbefore, is supported by the rods 44. A latch member 66- is slidably disposed in the upper end of the plunger 63 and is biased upwardly by a spring 67. The upper end ofthe latch 66 extends into an opening-68 in the switch blade 19. The latch 66 has a sloping surface 69 which permits the blade 19 to depress the latch 66 and ride over the latch when the blade is being closed. When the blade is in the closed position, the spring 67 forces the latch 66 into the opening 68 to retain the blade 19 closed unless the end of the blade is raised sufficiently to clear the latch 66 as will be explained more fully herinafter.

The bell crank 49 is normally biased by a spring 71 to the position shown inthe drawing. A hook 72 may be provided on the one arm of the trigger 49 to engage an edge of the plate 51 to limit the travel of the trigger in the direction in-whichit is biased by the spring 71.

Aresetting lever 73 is pivotally attached to the plate 51 by a pin 74. The lower end of the lever 73 is connected to the lever 61' by a connecting link 75 which is attached to the lever 73 by a pin 76. and to the lever 61 by a pin 77. The lever 58 is attached to the lever 61 by a pin 78. A screw 79 is provided in the casting 42 to limit the upward travel ofthe outer end of the lever 61. Thus, the toggle mechanism may be properly adjusted.

As explained hereinbefore, the present isolating switch is utilized in conjunction, with a reclosing circuit breaker to isolate afaulted'circuit. A typical power distribution system is illustrated inFig. 6 in which two load or feeder circuits are shown connected to atransform'er by means of a transmission line and a reclosing circuit breaker located at a switch station which may be a considerable distance from the feeder circuits. A fault on either feedencircuit will cause the oil circuit breaker to go through its opening and reclosing cycle, thereby alternately energizing and deenergizing the transmission line. As previously explained, the counting device 43 on the switch unit for the faulted phase of the feeder circuit is actuated by theenergization and the deenergization of the feeder circuit. The counting device is so constructed that the plunger 48 is raised a step during the time that theoil circuit breaker. is open to deenergize the feeder circuit. Thus, the plunger 48 engages the trigger 49 when the oil circuit breakeris open.

The-actuationtof the trigger 49-by the plunger 48 disengagesan upper arm-80 of the trigger from the pin 53 in the lever 54.. The disengagementpermits the lever 5.440 drop, thereby lowering the lever 57 which breaks thetoggle mechanism. Once the toggle-mechanism is released the-spring 60 pulls the plunger 63 and the pin 64 downwardly to disengage the latch66 from the switch blade .19 of the faulted phase. The downward movement of the triangular lever 57 is limited by the'lower edge of the lever engaging the pin 52. Thus, the continued downward movementof the-pin 64 caused by the spring, 60 raises the pin.56 to raise the lever 54 and permit the spring 71 to bias thetrigger arm 80 into-position underneath the. pin 53 in the lever Y 54.

When the-oneend of: the switch blade 19 of the faulted phaseis released from the latch 66, the spring 29 starts to rotate that blade. As the turning platform 21 rotates, the projection-35 on the platform 21 engages the projection 34 on; the: cam lever31- thereby driving the cam lever. The connectinglink 36 drives thecam levers for the switches for the other two'phas'es. The camming members 32 on the other two phases tilt the camrning platforms 22' of these switch-units, thereby rai'sing'the ends of the switch bladesto release-them from their-re.

spective latches. When the a g v "2,es1,9a2-

blades are released, the driv ing springs for these. blades rotate them to their open position. One end of the connecting link 36 engages a buifer spring 81 to absorb the shock during openingof the blades, e

-In this manner, the switchblades for all three phases are opened quickly. However, as previously explained, the isolating switches are not-required to interrupt current since they are opened during the period in which the reclosing oil circuit breaker is open,thereby deenergizing thefeedercircuit. I f I As shown in Fig. l, the upper end of a vertically disposed pipe or red 82 is rotatably disposed in a cross member '83 which extends betweentwo of the bases 11. An operating handle (not shown) may be provided on the lower end of the pipe 82 for manually operating the switch units. A ratchet device comprising a pivotally mounted pawl 84 is mounted on the top of the pipe 82. The ratchet pawl 84 drives an arm 85 which is connected to the link 36 which, as previously explained, connects the cam bars -31 for all three switch units. Stop members 86 and 87 are provided-for resettingthe ratchet device at the end of the closing and the opening operations of the operating mechanism. Theswitches are shown in their closed position in Fig. 1 and the pawl 84 has been disengaged from a shoulder 88 on a disc 89 secured to the arm 85. The disc 89 may function as a bearing member for one end of the arm 85. As shown in Pig. 5, an overcenter spring 90 may be provided to releasably retain the pawl 84in the position to which it was last actuated. i As shown, the pawl 84 has been actuated into engagement with a shoulder 91 on the plate 89 by the stop member '86. Thus, the ratchet mechanism is set for opening the switch by means of the manually operable handle. It will be noted that the shoulder 88 is dis-. engaged from the pawl 84. Therefore, the arm 85 is free to rotate in the pipe 82 during the automatic opening of the switch units in the manner hereinbefore described.

-In this manner, the switch .units may be automatically opened even though the operating'handle is locked in the closed position. i I i 'If it is desired to open the switch manually, the load should first be removed from the feeder circuit in order to avoid interrupting the load current. The pipe 82 is rotated to .drive the arm 85 by means of the pawl 84 which is in engagement with the shoulder 91. As previously explained, the movement of the cam bars 31 causes the switch blades to be tilted by means of the camming action, thereby disengaging the blades from the latching members. When the blades are disengaged, the driving springs cause the blades to be opened quickly.

As previously explained, the arm 85 is free to rotate in the opening direction with respect to the pawl 84. Thus, the operator may continue to hold onto the operating handle while the opening of the switches is completed by the driving springs. He continues to rotate the pipe 82 until the pawl 84 engages the stop member 87, thereby setting the pawl for a closing operation of the switch.

If it is desired to close the switch units, the load should be disconnected from the feeder circuit before attempting to close. the isolating switch. The operating handle is then utilized to rotate the pipe 82 to drive the arm 85 by means of the pawl 84 which engages the shoulder 88. 'As'previously explained, the pawl 84 is disengaged from the shoulder 88 by the stop member 86 at the end of the closing operation. Thus, the ratchet mechanism is automatically set for opening the switches.

Referring to Fig. 3, it will be seen that the switch 2 blade 19 will engage the resetting lever 73 when the blade is moved in the closing direction. The sloping surface 69 on the latch 66 of the unfaulted phase or blades in the closed position.

phase actuates the lever 73 about its pivot point 74,

thereby actuating the lever 61 about its pivot point 62 by means of the link which connects the levers 73 and 61. The actuation of the lever 61 actuates the lever 57 about the pivot -point 56 to raise the plunger 63 of the latching device for the faulted phase or phases, thereby resetting thelatching device.

When the manually operable handle which drives the pipe 82 is released, the driving springs 29 return'the switch blade 19 to the position shown in Fig. 3 ,in which the latch 66 is disposed in the opening 68 to'hold the The resetting lever and the toggle mechanism are retained in the position shown in Fig. 3 since the toggle levers 58 and, 61 are slightly past center. As previously explained, the toggle mechanism may be broken by the trigger lever 49 during auto.- matic opening of the switch.

If desired, the latching device and the toggle mechanism may be reset by raising theend 92 of the lever 61 which is loweredwhen the toggle mechanism is tripped.

The end 92 also functions as a signal or target to indiby an individual driving spring, the blades are opened veryquickly. As previously explained, the opening of the switch blades takes place while the backup circuit breaker is open. Therefore, no arc is drawn during opening of the isolating switch. Since the contact mem:

bers are separated whilethe backup breaker is open and the blades are moving away from the contact members very rapidly, they will be opened sufficiently to prevent an are from being established even though the reclosing circuit breaker should reclose before the blades are completely open.

From the foregoing description, it is apparent that I have provided an isolating switch which is automatically opened under predetermined conditions without requiring current transformers, control relays, control power transformers, batteries and control wiring to con trol the operation of the switch. Thus, the cost of the present switch is reduced as compared with prior switches. Also, the cost of the switch is reduced as compared with an oil circuit breaker. is particularly suitable for installation where feeder cir-. cuits are connected to a transmission line at remote points from the main switching station which controls the energization of the transmission line. Since the present" switch is completely self-contained, it may be mounted on a pole. or tower.

Since numerous changes may be made in the above described construction, and different embodiments of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, it is intended that all matter contained in the foregoing description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. I claim as my invention:

1. In an electric switch, in combination, a base, a

- switch blade, insulatingmeans rotatably supporting the blade substantially midway between its ends, said insu lating means being pivotally mounted on said base to move theblade in a plane diflferent from the plane of rotation, spring means for rotating said blade, latchingme-ans engaging one end of the blade for retaining the blade in the closed position, control means for releasing direction and the otherend in the opposite direction to disengage it from the latch means independently of the A control means.

2. In an electric switch, in combination, a base, a

Therefore, the present switch switch blade, insulating means rotatably supporting the blade; said insulating means being movably mounted on said-'- base to move the blade in aplan'e different from the plane-of rotation, spring means for rotating said blade, latching means engaging one end or" the blade for retaining the blade in the closed position, control means for-releasing said latching means, means for actuating said insulating means to move one end of said blade in one directionand the other end in the opposite direction to disengage it from the latch means independently of the control means, and manually operable means for rotating said blade to store energy in said'spring means.

3'-. In an electric switch, in combination, a base, a switch blade, insulating means rotatably supporting the blade substantially midway between its ends, said insulating means being pivotally mounted on said base to move the blade in a plane different from. the plane of rotation, spring means for rotating said blade, latching means engaging one end of the blade for retaining the blade in the closed position, control means for releasing said latching means, cam means for tilting said insulating means to move one end of said blade in one direction and the other end in the opposite direction to disengage it from the latch means independently of the controlmeans, manually operable means for closing said blade, and a reset lever for resetting said latching means, said lever being actuated by said blade when it is closed.

4. In an electric switch, in combination, a base, a switch blade, insulating means rotata'bly supporting the blade,'said insulating means being movably mounted on said base to move the blade in a plane different from the plane of rotation, spring means for rotating said blade, latching means engaging one end of the blade for retaining the blade in the closed position, control means energized by the current flowing through said blade for releasing said latching means only when no current is flowing through the blade, and means for moving one end of the blade in one direction and the other end in the opposite direction in said different plane to disengage the blade from the latch means independently of the control means.

5. In an electric switch, in combination, a base, a switch blade, insulating means rotatably supporting the blade, said insulating means being pivotally mounted on said base to move the blade in a plane different from the plane of rotation, spring means for rotating said blade, latching means for retaining the blade in the closed position, control means disposed at one end of the blade and energized by the current flowing through the blade for releasing said latching means only when no current is flowing through the blade, cam means for disengaging the blade from the latch means 'ndependently of the control means, and manually operable means for closing said blade to reset said latch means.

6.- In an electric switch, in combination, a base, a cammingplatform pivotally mounted on the base, a turning platform rotatably mounted on the camming platform, a switch blade carried by the turning platform, spring means for driving the turning platform to rotate the switch blade, latching means for retaining the blade in the closed position, control means disposed at one end of the blade and energized by the current flowing through the blade for releasing said latching means only when no current is flowing through the blade, cam means for tilting the camming platform to disengage the blade from the latch means independently of the control means, and manually operable means for closing said blade to reset said latching means.

7. In a polyphase switch structure, in combination, a rotatable switch blade for each phase, spring means for rotating each blade in a horizontal plane, cam means for moving each-blade in a vertical plane, separate latching means for retaining each blade in the closed position, control means for releasing each latch means independently of other latch means, link means interconnecting the cam means for all phases, saith spring means for 21 released blade driving the cam means for the other blades to release them from theirlatch means independently of, their controlmeans, and manually operable means for closing saidblades to reset said latch means, each latch means being reset by its blade independently of the latch means for the other blades.

8. In a polyphase switch structure, in combination, a rotatable switch blade for each phase, spring means for rotating'each blade in a horizontal plane, cam means for moving each blade in a vertical plane, separate latching means for retaining each blade in the closed position, control means for releasing each latch means independently of the other latch means, linkmcans interconnecting the cam means for all phases, said spring means for a released blade driving the cam means for the other blades to release them from their latch means independently of their control means, manually operable means for closing saidblades, and reset means actuated by each blade to reset'its latch means.

9. In a'polyphase switch structure, in combination, a rotatable switch blade for each phase, spring means for rotating each blade in a horizontal plane, cam means for moving each blade in a vertical plane, latching means for retaining each blade in the closed positiomcontrol means for releasing each latch'means independently of the other latch means, link means interconnecting the cam means for all phases, said spring means for a released blade driving; the cam means for the other blades to release them from their latch means independently of their control means, manually operable means for closing said blades, ratchet means driven by said manually operable means, and means for disengaging said ratchet means from the manually operable means when the blades are closed.

10. In a polyphase switch structure for sectionalizing a transmission line connected to an automatic reclosing circuit breaker locatedremotely from the switch, in combination, a pivotally mounted switch blade for each phase, insulating means supporting the blades, a separate latching mechanism for'retaining each blade in the closed position, spring means for opening each blade, a counting device operating at the potential of the transmission line for releasing each latching mechanism independently of the other latch mechanisms after a predetermined number of interruptions of the circuit breaker in close succession, mechanical means actuated by the spring means for a released blade for releasing the other blades from their latch mechanisms and manually operable means for clos ingsaid blades and storing energy in said spring means, each latch mechanism being reset by the closing of its blade.

11. In an isolating switch for scctionalizing a transmi'ssion line connected to an automatic reclosing circuit breaker located remotely from the switch, in combination, a pivotally mounted switch blade, insulating means supportingthe blade, latching mechanism for retaining the blade in the closed position, spring means for opening the blade, a counting device operating at the potential of the transmission line for releasing said latching mechanism after a predetermined number of interruptionsof the circuit breaker in close succession, manually operable means for closing. the blade and storing energy in the spring means,ratchet means driven by said manually operable means to actuate the blade, and meansfor disengaging the ratchet means when'the blade is closed, said latching mechanism being reset by said blade while it is being closed.

12. In an air-break switch for isolating a portion of a distribution system having an automatic reclosing circuit breaker therein, in combination, a switch blade, insular ing means movably supporting the blade, spring means for opening the blade, latching means for retaining the blade in the closed position, control means comprising a counting device operating at the potential of the distribution system for mechanically releasing said latching meansafter a predetermined number of circuit breaker in close succession, manually operable means for closing the blade and storing energy in said spring means, ratchet means driven by said manually operable means to actuate the blade, and rneans'for disengaging the ratchet means when the blade is closed.

13. In an air-break switch for isolating a portion of a distribution system havingan automatic reclosing circuit breaker therein, in combination, a switch blade, insulating means movably supporting the blade, spring means for opening the blade, latching means for retaining the blade in the closed position, control means mounted on insulating means and comprising a counting mechanism operating at the potential of the distribution system, said counting mechanism mechanically actuating said latching means to release the switch blade after a predetermined number of interruptions of the circuit breaker in close succession and during one of the interruptions, manually operable means for closing the blade and storing energy in said spring means, ratchet means driven by said manually operable means to actuate the blade, and means for disengaging the ratchet means when the blade is closed, said latching means being reset during the closing of said blade.

14. In an air-break switch for isolating a portion of a interruptions of the I ing at the potential of the distribution system, said count-' ing mechanism mechanically actuating said latching means to release the switch blade after a predetermined number of interruptions of the circuit breaker in close succession and during one of the interruptions, manually operable 1 means for closing the blade and storing energy in said spring means, ratchet means driven by said manually operable means to actuate the blade, means for disengaging the ratchet means when the blade is closed, and reset means actuated by said blade for resetting said latching means when the blade is closed.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,475,549 Jacobs Nov. 27, 1923 2,166,555 Rowe July 18, 1939 2,488,601 Mosley et al Nov. 22, 1949 

